PT-symmetric PINN for integrable nonlocal equations: Forward and inverse problems

Since the PT-symmetric nonlocal equations contain the physical information of the PT-symmetric, it is very appropriate to embed the physical information of the PT-symmetric into the loss function of PINN, named PTS-PINN. For general PT-symmetric nonlocal equations, especially those equations involving the derivation of nonlocal terms due to the existence of nonlocal terms, directly using the original PINN method to solve such nonlocal equations will face certain challenges. This problem can be solved by the PTS-PINN method, which can be illustrated in two aspects. First, we treat the nonlocal term of the equation as a new local component so that the equation is coupled at this time. In this way, we successfully avoid differentiating nonlocal terms in neural networks. On the other hand, in order to improve the accuracy, we make a second improvement, which is to embed the physical information of the PT-symmetric into the loss function. Through a series of independent numerical experiments, we evaluate the efficacy of PTS-PINN in tackling the forward and inverse problems for the nonlocal NLS equation, the nonlocal derivative NLS equation, the nonlocal (2+1)-dimensional NLS equation, and the nonlocal three-wave interaction systems. The numerical experiments demonstrate that PTS-PINN has good performance. In particular, PTS-PINN has also demonstrated an extraordinary ability to learn large space–time scale rogue waves for nonlocal equations.