Exploring the Mechanism of Kai‐Xin‐San to Improve Cognitive Deficits in AD Rats Induced by D‐Gal and Aβ25–35 Based on Multi‐Omics and Network Analysis

ABSTRACT Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) is a common neurodegenerative disease for which there are no effective drugs. Kai‐Xin‐San (KXS), with definite curative effects, is widely used for the prevention and treatment of AD in China. But its mechanism is not yet fully understood. Based on our established rat model and previous pharmacodynamics study, Multi‐omics (metabolomics, proteomics) and network analysis were integrated to explore the holistic mechanism of anti‐ AD effects of KXS. The key pathways were validated with western blot and ELISA methods. Morris water maze and Nissl staining showed that KXS could ameliorate cognitive deficits and pathological morphology of the hippocampus in AD rats. A total of nine metabolites were identified, which were related to pyrimidine metabolism, riboflavin metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Proteomics results indicated that the improvement of cognitive deficits by KXS was closely related to the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Western blotting results showed that KXS significantly inhibited the expression of Mt‐nd2 and Ndufb6 in AD rats. Integrated analysis indicated that the anti‐ AD targets of KXS were interrelated and KXS could exert its anti‐ AD effect by reducing oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and inflammation.