Carbon dioxide hydrogenation for sustainable energy storage

This paper explores green hydrogen-based carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation for the production of oxygenates, presenting it as a pivotal strategy for mitigating carbon emissions and advancing sustainable energy solutions. The conversion of CO2 into oxygenates through hydrogenation emerges as a promising avenue, particularly in the context of transportation applications where the storage of hydrogen poses challenges. The substitution of fossil diesel and gasoline fuels with green hydrogen-derived dimethyl ether, or methanol/ethanol, is advantageous from a life cycle analysis (LCA) CO2 emission perspective even without the capture of the CO2. However, the greatest sustainability appeal is contingent on the crucial aspect of capturing CO2 when utilizing these fuels, which is an aspect currently absent in the literature. This narrative review comprehensively explores catalytic processes, mechanisms, sustainability perspectives, and the current state of research in this evolving area. It encompasses both the production of oxygenates through CO2 hydrogenation and the subsequent utilization of these oxygenates in fuel cells or combustion systems, emphasizing the integration of CO2 capture technologies. The paper contributes to the discourse surrounding the environmental and technological dimensions of energy storage ecosystems, providing a holistic view of their potential to foster sustainable energy solutions.