Nanocarrier Based Delivery of Berberine: A Critical Review on Pharmaceutical and Preclinical Characteristics of the Bioactive

Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid with several therapeutic properties, including anti-microbial, anti-diarrhea, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-tumor, and anti-diabetes. However, its low water solubility, low absorption, first-pass metabolism, nontargeting, and poor bioavailability represent major hurdles to its successful therapeutic applications. Hence, researchers have attempted to enhance the biological and pharmacological activity of BBR to overcome its drawbacks by encapsulation of BBR in micro and nano delivery systems. For the preparation of nanostructured carrier systems of BBR, a range of methods has been developed, and each method has its benefits and characteristics. This review critically describes different types of nanocarriers like liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, and silver and gold nanoparticles that have been used for encapsulation of BBR for different therapeutic applications. The various pharmaceutical characteristics (size, shape, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, drug release, and drug permeation) of these BBR-loaded nanocarriers have been discussed systematically. Preclinical studies of BBR nanoformulations involving animal models are also discussed.