An overview of surface forces and the DLVO theory

Abstract This lecture text focuses on surface forces and interactions in a liquid medium, with particular emphasis on the surface-surface interactions described by the DLVO theory, i.e., van der Waals attraction and electric double-layer repulsion. The text begins by describing the fundamental forces of nature, their connection to intermolecular interactions, and how the latter result in measurable forces between surfaces and macroscopical objects. A step-by-step reasoning on how DLVO forces arise is then presented, accompanied by a simplified description of the mathematical derivations of the main equations within the framework of the theory. The connection between the DLVO theory and the prediction of the stability of colloidal systems is presented. Examples on how the colloidal stability can be controlled or tuned are presented. The shortcomings of the original DLVO theory are discussed, and recent extended models dealing with these issues are briefly described. The text closes with a general overview of some of the most relevant non-DLVO interaction.